By Dr Gunjan Y Trivedi Complex PTSD symptoms have been the hardest in psychotherapy to treat. Trauma that comes from repeated, prolonged exposure, which is most often rooted in Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs), doesn't respond the same way as single-event PTSD. Clients struggle through standard exposure protocols. Many drop out. Many improve, then relapse. Many never get diagnosed correctly in the first place. In India, the problem is sharper. Most trauma research has been conducted on Western populations and Western-style trauma — single events, military combat, and accidents. The childhood trauma our clients carry — joint-family dynamics, comparisons that taught